G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of seven transmembrane (TM) helical structural motif containing proteins that regulate cellular communication. Based on sequence similarity within the seven TM segment in human, the major five GPCR families are rhodopsin,secretin, glutamate, adhesion and frizzled/taste. GPCRs are principle signal transducer that activate senses of sight, smell and test, and responsible for many signaling disorders and diseases. Molecular mechanisms of GPCR activation are always implicated as a therapeutic purpose to discover new drug targets. Several...

Prolonged stress has long been shown to have major effects on the development of both type of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the immune system attacking self-antigens. There is a failure or breakdown in immunological tolerance to allow this to happen. Prolonged physical or emotional stress can activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to induce production of the stress hormone glucocorticoid, causing abrupt thymus involution and result in escape of autoreactive T- cells. Though regulatory T-cells (Treg) are...