This publication was awarded the Jacqueline Ross TOEFL Dissertation Award in 2009.
Since its publication in 2001, the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) has been the most frequently-cited performance standard in language testing in Europe. To help test providers and users with score interpretation in relation to the CEFR levels, the Council of Europe published the Manual for relating language examinations to the CEFR . Even though the linking process set out in the Manual is primarily based on judgements by trained participants, judgement-making in this context remains...