The synthesis of proteins by ribosomes is a fundamental cellular process. Cells must tightly control protein synthesis to maintain homeostasis and regulate proliferation, growth, differentiation, and development. Indeed, aberrant translational control is associated with cancer, several neurologic syndromes, and genetic disorders including -ribosomopathies.- Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers our current understanding of protein synthesis and its control, from the genomic level to single- molecule analysis and...