One of the main purposes of Endodontic therapy is to disinfect the root canal system, which is accomplished by removing the pulp tissue or necrotic pulp remnants, any microorganisms present in the root canal system and infected dentin. Root canal cleaning and shaping procedures mainly rely on mechanical instrumentation. However, mechanical instrumentation leaves a smear layer covering the dentinal walls. This smear layer is composed of dentin debris, organic material and microorganisms. Smear layer prevents penetration of intracanal medicaments into the dentinal tubules, prevents complete...

Periodontitis is a disease characterized by loss of connective tissue attachment and bone around the teeth in conjunction with the formation of periodontal pockets due to the apical migration of the junctional epithelium.Early diagnosis and treatment of progressive periodontitis is important because of the irreversible nature of this disease. Traditional clinical measurements used for periodontal diagnosis are often of limited usefulness in that they are indicators of previous periodontal disease rather than present disease activity. There is a need for development of new diagnostic tests...