Metals by virtue of their amount in living system are non toxic rather helping in several physiological functions. However, when they are accumulated at a level beyond the permissible limits are declared toxic and injurious to health of plants and human beings. Samples of food grains (Wheat, Rice, Maize) alongwith soil and underground water of 12-sites were collected from six districts of Punjab (Pakistan). The materials were tested metal concentrations by using most advance analytical technique ICP-OES. The highest values of metals in under-ground Water were (4.08 K), (51.59 Na), (1.122 Li),...

This book deals with cloning of maltase gene of Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli. During the course of study, genomic DNA isolation from Bacillus licheniformis strain ATCC 14580 has been followed by the amplification of maltase gene using a pair of specific forward and reverse primers under optimized PCR parameters. The DNA isolated from Bacillus licheniformis was used as a template and followed amplification, PCR product was purified using Novagen gene kit. T4 DNA ligase was used to ligate the purified PCR product with cloning vector pTZ57R/T. Escherichia coli strain DH5 was used...