The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI. Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs. This book offers applicable...

Intra venous regional anesthesia of hand and forearm holds an important place in developing countries because of its simplicity, safety, and economy. Anesthesiologists have been striving for many years to improve the efficacy and duration of regional anesthesia by injecting opioids close to nerve trunks or nerve endings. Opioids are most commonly used as adjuncts in IVRA along with local anesthetics. There is paucity of literature on the use butorphanol, in IVRA. We evaluated the effects of addition of butorphanol to lignocaine in Biers block. We found that addition of 1 mg butorphanol...