We know that nature is a wonderful and beautiful creation of God, which has bestowed upon us with many treasures including medicines. The history of diseases is as old as that of his existence on this planet and the search for remedies to combat them is also equally old.Liver diseases pose complications in treating them throughout the world since, conventional or synthetic drugs used in the treatment of liver diseases are few and with the risk of serious side effects. This is one of the reasons for many people all over the world including those in developed countries for turning towards...

Typically in the pharmaceutical industry, drug products exist in two dosage forms, solid and liquid dosage forms. Included in solid dosage forms are tablets, pellets, pills, beads, spherules, etc. These solid dosage forms are often coated for various reasons, such as odor or taste masking, prevention from moisture, light and/or air, protection from destruction by gastric acid or gastric enzymes, enhanced mechanical strength, aesthetics or controlled release including controlling release sites and/or release rate.

Advancements of genomics, nanotechnology and biochemistry bring about new opportunities and challenges for drug discovery and development. Recent developments in nanotechnology have made it possible to obtain a new class of highly fluorescent homogeneous semiconductor nanocrystals termed "quantum dots''(QDs). Since 1998, quantum dots have been first demonstrated capable of labeling specific components of cells and tracing proteins within cells in biomedicine. Recently, the investigations of quantum dots in the biomedicine have developed rapidly. Quantum dots are very stable light emitters,...

Given the well-defined loss of a specific type of neurons (dopaminergic neurons) in a well defined region of the brain (S. nigra), the concept of cell replacement therapy in PD has emerged already in the early 1980s.Replacing diseased cells with healthy cells, called cell therapy, is similar to the process of organ transplantation only the treatment consists of transplanting cells instead of organs. Some conditions or injuries can be treated through transplantation of entire healthy organs, but there is an acute shortage of donors. Stem cells can serve as an alternate and renewable source for...