The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI. Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs. This book offers applicable...

Nearly everyone has been suffering from liver disorder and disease by higher intake of various medicines, beverages, alcohol, junk food and accidentally inhalation of chemicals, toxins etc. The liver plays a key role in metabolism and clearance of food and drugs which are susceptible to toxicity. Certain medicines, when taken in overdoses and sometimes introduced within therapeutic ranges, may lead to liver toxicity. More than 900 drugs and toxins have been reported to cause liver injury and several herbal remedies are administered to cure liver from these toxicity. Various drugs from plant...

New drug discovery and development is a complex, flexible and cost-effective but systematic process that follows a sequence of clinical steps, rules and regulations governed by the experienced regulatory authorities in each country. The rules laid down by the experienced authorities consistently have need of the code of ethics by which every individual involved in clinical research has to stand. Besides these ethical principles, a clinical trial involves multidisciplinary functions which require concepts and approaches, using modern research tools and techniques. In this book, the authors...

Hypertension is one of the most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans. Over the past several decades, extensive research, widespread patient education, and a concerted effort on the part of health care professionals have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. Approximately 50 million people in the United States are affected by hypertension. Substantial improvements have been made with regard to improving awareness and treatment of hypertension. However, approximately 30% of adults are still unaware...