Accounting-based market multiples are the most common technique in equity valuation. Multiples are used in research reports and stock recommendations ofboth buy-side and sell-side analysts, in fairness opinions and pitch books of investment bankers, or at road shows offirms seeking an IPO. Even in cases where the value of a corporation is primarily determined with discounted cash flow, multiples such as PIE or market-to-book play the important role of providing a second opinion. Mul- tiples thus form an important basis of investment and transaction decisions of vari- ous types of investors...