While most applications and fundamental studies of optical trapping have focused on optical forces resulting from intensity gradients, here we explore the role of radiation pressure directed by phase gradients in beams of light. Radiation pressure turns out to be a non-conservative force and drives trapped objects out of detailed balance. Rather than undergoing equilibrium thermal fluctuations, as has been assumed for decades, a microsphere in an optical tweezer enters into a stochastic steady-state characterized by closed loops in its probability current. This surprising effect is a...

​This book introduces a new methodology of reliability systems engineering that is model-based system engineering(MBSE). It covers the concept connotation, basic theory and technologies, framework of integrated design platform and engineering application cases of MBRSE. Different from traditional document centric one, MBRSE is model centric, with which the design for hexability (means “reliability, maintainability, testability, supportability, environmental adaptability and safety”) is performed by the revolution of united models of total R&D fields and the process of closed-loop...