Multiple metal resistant ciliates viz., Stylonychia mytilus, Euplotes mutabilis, Paramecium caudatum, Oxytricha fallax and Vorticella microstoma, isolated from industrial wastewater from Kasur tanneries were found to be resistant to various heavy metals viz., chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc and nickel. These protozoans showed remarkable ability to survive under stress full conditions in the industrial waste water. These microorganisms cope with this heavy concentration of heavy metal ions by uptaking 85-95 % of metal ions from the culture medium. Some of these protozoans...

Synthetic insecticides have been effectively used during past several decades to control variety of insects and crop pests. The use of chemical insecticides has been greatly impeded due to development of physiological resistance in the vectors, environmental pollution and harmful effects on beneficial non-target animals. Therefore, the need of alternate, more effective and environment-friendly control agents became imperative.In this study,out of twenty two B.t isolates from the soil, six were found significantly toxic to 3rd instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi. One isolate SBS B.t 45, which...

The enteric pathogens isolated from diarrhoeal patients admitted to different hospitals of Azad Jammu & Kashmir were analyzed for antibiotic resistance and correlated with genetic elements in the bacteria.Salmonella spp. was the most frequently detected (35.8 %) enteropathogen followed by Escherichia coli (34.3 %), Shigella spp.(25.8 %) and Campylobacter spp. (4.1 %). The isolates of Shigella spp. showed highest resistance against penicillin, E. coli and Campylobacter spp. against carbenicillin, and Salmonella spp. were highly resistant to ampicillin.The most common pattern of antibiotic...

Synthetic insecticides has long been involved in causing fetal diseases to human beings as well as cattle. Importance of biological control of insect pests is aan environment friendly approach. With advances in biotechnology, recombinant bacteria and other organisms are being developed for better control of insect pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) holds a central place among biocontrol agents. BT produces parasporal crystal proteins (Cry toxin) during sporulation phase of its growth. These toxins have defined spectra of toxicity to the target insects only, without doing any harm to friend...