This is the Proceedings of the ICM 2010 Satellite Conference on "Buildings, Finite Geometries and Groups" organized at the Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore, during August 29 - 31, 2010. This is a collection of articles by some of the currently very active research workers in several areas related to finite simple groups, Chevalley groups and their generalizations: theory of buildings, finite incidence geometries, modular representations, Lie theory, etc. These articles reflect the current major trends in research in the geometric and combinatorial aspects of the study of these...