In this dissertation, I address the distribution and conservation of the Amazonian avifauna at several scales. First, I look at how spatial bias in ornithological collections affects known patterns of diversity in the Amazon, showing that the region is massively under-collected and that poorly-collected areas are likely to hide small-ranged species, which are especially relevant for conservation. Second, I model the impacts of continued deforestation on the Amazonian endemic avifauna, identifying several taxa and "bird-ecoregions" likely to face great threat in the near future,...