Historically, likelihood of confusion has been the core infringement test for trade mark law, and it remains the most frequently applied test in infringement actions by far. However, there are noticeable differences in how it is applied by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the General Court, and national courts; and questionable outcomes when it is applied in novel situations.
This book is the first comprehensive and systematic account of the confusion test within the harmonized European trade mark system. It considers how the test is applied by national trade mark...