The chemical and behavioral dependencies are shown with a model based on alcohol consumption to have a common origin and progression. Their shared etiology applies to 'uppers and downers, ' revealed three invariant developmental stages, and holds for hitherto seemingly unrelated conditions. Control over dependent use is demonstrated throughout dependency careers in numerous circumstances and by reliable access to a broad range of benefits. Narrowly generalized dependencies promote personal development and social cohesion whereas wide generalization disrupts maturation and is destructive of...