This monograph addresses the issue ofwashback. What is washback? What does it look like in practice? It is asserted that tests influence students who prepare to take them, and teachers who try to help the students, thereby influence learning and teaching in schools. Washback effect refers to these influences of the testing (Alderson and Wall, 1993). Although professionals have written about the concept, as yet little is known about how washback actually functions, whether it really exists and (if it at all exists) what its nature looks like in the day-to-day school operation. This...