The element free Galerkin method has been used to solve linear elastic fracture mechanics problems using least square approximations, where the dependent variable at any point is obtained by minimizing a weighted discrete -error norm involving the nodal variable within a small domain surrounding the point. Special techniques are presented for enriching the EFG approximations near the crack tip such as extrinsic and intrinsic enrichment. Extrinsic enrichment involves the addition of solution form to the trial function, whereas the EFG basis is expanded to include few terms from...

Taro leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae is a major constraint to taro cultivation. To manage taro leaf blight and design breeding programme, it is crucial to recognize the genetic diversity of taro and P. colocasiae. We studied genetic structure of taro and P. colocasiae in India. Biochemical alterations in taro plants infected by the P. colocasiae were studied and changes in peroxidase, -1,3-glucanase, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, total phenol and total sugar were evaluated. We employed suppressive subtractive hybridization, high through put DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to...