Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) utilise brain signals to activate or deactivate electromechanical devices and computers. Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) are non-invasive methods for acquiring hemodynamic signals from the brain with the primary benefit of anatomical specificity of signals. Both NIRS and fMRI rely on the measurement of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response of the brain. This book elucidates the technical approaches and algorithms used in implementing hemodynamic BCIs. The book demonstrates how...