(a) disassembly: selectively disassembly, targeting on singling out hazardous or valuable components for special treatment, is an indispensable process in recycling of e-waste;

(b) upgrading: using mechanical processing and/or metallurgical processing to up-grade desirable materials content, i.e. preparing materials for refining process, such as grinding the plastics into powders;

(c) refining: in the last step, recovered materials are retreated or purified by using metallurgical processing...