The high prices of precious metals like
platinum group metals (PGMs) have ensured that there is
continued interest in the development of new extractants for
the commercial concentration and separation of these metals.
The PGMs platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium and
ruthenium together with silver, and gold generally occur in
nature with the major base metals like iron, copper, nickel
and cobalt and wide range of minor elements such as lead,
tellurium, selenium and arsenic and both...

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a technique to cover the wide variety of the science and technology research areas due to its importance as well as key role to produce the pure metals without waste generation. Research and development trends in the new millennium begin the search for new routes to establish for rare and precious metals extraction and separation with their associated elements from natural resources as well as spent matrices. Developed and developing countries mainly depend on the rare metals recycling and reuse based on their uses in electronic and other materials...