The detection of ischemic myocardium is one of the major problems in modern cardiology. Exercise has long been used to detect latent myocardial ischemia by enhancing oxygen de mand, but different cardiologists perform exercise tests in dif ferent ways. In addition, many new techniques for detection of ischemia have been developed in the past decade. For these reasons, a symposium on this topic was organized in Dusseldorf under the auspices of the European Society of Cardiology. The papers from this symposium contained herein provide an up-to-date review of the different forms of exercise...