There is a very simple and fundamental concept. to much of probability and statistics that can be conveyed using the following problem. PROBLEM. Assume a finite set (universe) of N units where A of the units have a particular attribute. The value of N is known while the value of A is unknown. If a proper subset (sample) of size n is selected randomly and a of the units in the subset are observed to have the particular attribute, what can be said about the unknown value of A? The problem is not new and almost anyone can describe several situations where a particular problem could be presented...