Does nature have direct moral status? This question, usually put in terms of intrinsic value, is one of the most frequently addressed questions in environmental ethics. This book aims to shed new light on this question by framing it instead in terms of reasons for action, thus emphasizing its practical relevance and connecting it to decision-making at various levels. With the point of departure in the contemporary philosophical discussion about reasons, two kinds of reason for action are distinguished: direct reasons (reasons to act towards a thing for its own sake) and indirect reasons...