Western industrial societies underwent a massive transformation during the 1980s, and this was particularly noticeable in the older cities whose economies were based on labour-intensive industry. In the period following World War II, racial and ethnic minorities who migrated from overseas, or from the rural areas within the same country, formed a pool of low-paid labour upon which the prosperity of the industrial city depended. With the subsequent reorganisation of these economies, industrial production shifted overseas, while the new technological industries expanded locally, requiring...