With the increasing mankind activities in the Arctic and the potential threaten of global warming, permafrost protection has attracted more and more attentions from all over the globe. As one of the effective way, thermosyphons have been used to maintain permafrost below structures for over half a century. Due to the complex nature of internal processes and the environmental interactions, complete system analyses are still lacking in the literature. This work presents an analytical and numerical model of a long inclined two-phase closed thermosyphon, known as a hairpin thermosyphon, which is...

Objective Information Theory (OIT) is proposed to represent and compute the information in a large-scale complex information system with big data in this monograph. To formally analyze, design, develop, and evaluate the information, OIT interprets the information from essential nature, measures the information from mathematical properties, and models the information from concept, logic, and physic. As the exemplified applications, Air Traffic Control System (ATCS) and Smart Court SoSs (System of Systems) are introduced for practical OITs.This Open Access book can be used as a technical...