4 an incorrect verdict. The basic concept of a criminal trial in common law s- tems is that of a competition between the parties, in which the stronger and therefore true version of the case will prevail. Civil law-style criminal proceedings, in contrast, are characterised by a one case approach . Beginning at the pre-trial stage, only one case is prepared by a state official who carries out by far the major part of the investigations. This state official is either an investigating judge or (as for example in Germany) the prosecutor who, in contrast to a common law prosecutor, is also obliged...