Tissue engineering has been redefined as "the use of physical, chemical, biological and engineering processes to control and direct the aggregate behaviors of cells". This offers tremendous opportunities for designing in vitro physiological models to study disease pathogenesis, inventing cell-based therapeutics in clinical applications and developing novel pharmaceutical methods for reducing the use of animals in drug testing. However, while using biomanufacturing processes, cells are subjected to an array of mechanical forces which may injure it. While experimental studies have been...