Continued high rates of divorce and non-marital childbirths have in-creased the number of non-custodial fathers and present new challenges to performing traditional father roles. Only recently have judicial, family practice, and research communities viewed non-custodial fathers outside the traditional role expectation of child support compliance and acknowledged that beyond their financial contributions, father presence is important in child development. Based on the traditions of role theory (Biddle and Thomas, 1979) and self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1997), this study examined non-custodial...