The atomic force microscope (AFM) was originally utilised for its imaging capabilities. The full potential of the AFM as a three-dimensional force profiling instrument is only now being realised in an increasingly broad range of fields. One of the key requirements for AFM measurements is the quantification of both in-plane and out-of-plane forces acting between the tip and the sample. In this book the procedure for calibration and the various factors to consider when undertaking such studies is outlined with a focus on force-versus-distance and frictional measurements. Examples of surface...