Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organizing, infrastructureless networks that provide flexibility and convenience in setting up a dynamic network. Since the 1970s, MANETs have attracted a great deal of research aimed at improving their basic performance. However, with the development of real-time applications, incorporating Quality of Service (QoS) into the network architecture becomes essential. Supporting QoS in MANETs necessitates more harmonious collaboration among all network layers, requiring a design that supports cross-layer interactions rather than a traditional independent...