Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the former Soviet countries have become enmeshed in the processes of democratization, moder­nization, and overall institutional reform. New ideas about punish­ment that filled the voids left by the demise of the socialism and Marxist-Leninist ideology have been influenced by international hu­man rights standards and international organizations. This book explicates the process of penal reform under these conditions in a post-Soviet country in transition - Armenia. It provides an overview of penal reform efforts in Armenia from 1991 to 2005. In...