Scaling is a mathematical transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects. The technique is used in a variety of areas, including finance and image processing. This book is organized around the notions of scaling phenomena and scale invariance. The various stochastic models commonly used to describe scaling ? self-similarity, long-range dependence and multi-fractals ? are introduced. These models are compared and related to one another. Next, fractional integration, a mathematical tool closely related to the notion of scale invariance, is discussed, and stochastic processes with prescribed...

Pakistan is facing its worst crises of massive displaced population since it was founded in 1947. This displacement of population occurs in the north west of Pakistan due to an armed conflict between the army of Pakistan and the religious militants in the region. Despite the fact that the dilemma of internally displaced persons (IDPs) is quite similar to the refugees, the circumstances and challenges for IDPs as well as for the national government are different. IDPs always remain within the border of their own country and it is the duty of the very government to take care of their needs and...