Topologyhasbeenreferredtoas rubber-sheetgeometry .Thenameisapt, for the subject is concerned with properties of an object that would be preserved, no matter how much it is stretched, squashed, or distorted, so long as it is not in any way torn apart or glued together. One s ?rst reaction might be that such animprecise-soundingsubjectcouldhardlybepartofseriousmathematics, and wouldbeunlikelytohaveapplicationsbeyondtheamusementofsimpleparlour games. This reaction could hardly be further from the truth. Topology is one of the most important and broad-ranging disciplines of modern mathematics. It...