The HIV/AIDS pandemic is increasingly being acknowledged as a growing governance challenge. As HIV/AIDS hinders economic and social growth by draining poor nations of their children, workers and leaders, it puts pressure on political systems and democratic governance. This comparative study, covering Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa, considers what these parliaments are doing about HIV/AIDS. It provides lessons learned and detailed analysis of the effective use of parliamentary oversight in national responses to HIV/AIDS.