Each year synchrotron facilities, both in the United States and in other countries, are utilized for more applications of synchrotron radiation as they pertain to materials science. Both basic and applied research possibilities are manyfold, including studies of materials mentioned below and those that are yet to be discovered. The combination of synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques with ever-increasing high-resolution microscopy allows researchers to study very small domains of materials in an attempt to understand their chemical and electronic properties. This is especially important...