Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the primary material of natural bone and teeth--and the subject of much intense research in recent years for new variants with special functional properties for biomedical engineering applications. It is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite, with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH). The OH- ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. HA makes up bone mineral and the matrix of teeth, giving both their rigidity and durability, and has been widely used in medical/dental field as bone grafting material, bone...

The second edition of Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials is an essential resource for anyone researching titanium in its fundamental aspects and in medical/dental applications. The book organizes and processes the findings from over 2,000 published articles and studies into a coherent and easily accessible volume, deftly weaving together older and newer technologies to give a clear overview. Bridging the gap between medical/dental and engineering/technology areas, the book covers material classification, fabrication and modification, as well as applications and...