This is volume I of the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Natural Computation, ICNC 2006. After a demanding review process 168 carefully revised full papers and 86 revised short papers were selected from 1915 submissions for presentation in two volumes. This first volume includes 130 papers related to artificial neural networks, natural neural systems and cognitive science, neural network applications, as well as evolutionary computation: theory and algorithms.

This is volume II of the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Natural Computation, ICNC 2006. After a demanding review process 168 carefully revised full papers and 86 revised short papers were selected from 1915 submissions for presentation in two volumes. The 124 papers in the second volume are organized in topical sections on additional topics in natural computation, natural computation techniques applications, hardware, and cross-disciplinary topics.