This text reviews the modern tendency to recognize individuals aggrieved by a (grave) violation of their rights as holders of claims to reparation directly under international law. Indeed, the European as well as the American Convention on Human Rights empower the relevant Courts to grant appropriate compensation to any person whose complaint is successful. The book shows that under general international law, however, this tendency still lacks solid foundations, although a draft declaration currently pending before the UN Human Rights Commission ("van Boven Principles") would confirm the...