Optimization is everywhere. It is human nature to seek the best option among all that are available. Nature, too, seems to be guided by optimizationmany laws of nature have a variational character. Among geometric gures in the plane with a xed perimeter, the circle has the greatest area. Such isoperim- ric problems involving geometric gures date back to ancient Greece. Fermat's principle, discovered in 1629, stating that the tangent line is horizontal at a minimum point, seems to have in uenced the development of calculus. The proofs of Rolle's theorem and the mean value theorem in calculus...

Optimization is everywhere. It is human nature to seek the best option among all that are available. Nature, too, seems to be guided by optimizationmany laws of nature have a variational character. Among geometric gures in the plane with a xed perimeter, the circle has the greatest area. Such isoperim- ric problems involving geometric gures date back to ancient Greece. Fermat's principle, discovered in 1629, stating that the tangent line is horizontal at a minimum point, seems to have in uenced the development of calculus. The proofs of Rolle's theorem and the mean value theorem in calculus...