The use of human subjects in biomedical research has increased rapidly with scientific discoveries. However, the failure to achieve the highest--or even adequate--standards of professional moral concern and behavior is a serious side effect. Research on Human Subjects is based on four years of intensive research in which two studies were completed--one on a nationally representative sample of biomedical research institutions, the second on a sample of 350 researchers who actually used human subjects. The authors explore prevalent ethical norms, the actual ethical behavior of...