The twentieth-century history of Njombe, the Southern Highlands district of Tanzania, can aptly be summed up as exclusion within incorporation. Njombe was marginalized even as it was incorporated into the colonial economy. Njombe s people came to see themselves as excluded from agricultural markets, access to medical services, schooling in short, from all opportunity to escape the impoverishing trap of migrant labor."

The twentieth-century history of Njombe, the Southern Highlands district of Tanzania, can aptly be summed up as exclusion within incorporation. Njombe was marginalized even as it was incorporated into the colonial economy. Njombe s people came to see themselves as excluded from agricultural markets, access to medical services, schooling in short, from all opportunity to escape the impoverishing trap of migrant labor."