Since the first Hiroshima Symposium of Neurotransmitter Receptors in 1983, there have been conspicuous advances in this field. For instance, our knowledge on transmembrane signalling mechanism has increased almost exponentially and this great stride has been linking areas of biology that had been previously considered of as being separate. The Second Hiroshima International Neurotransmitter Receptor Symposium was held on October 6 to 9 bringing together an outstanding group of neuroscientists from various disciplines to integrate these advances in the hope that their valuable contributions...