Despite its universality in human female aging, the menopause and its biology are not completely understood. New biologic mechanisms by which sex hormones may be detrimental or confer protection are continually being discovered.
We are now starting to understand that the role of the estrogen receptor is not identical in all tissues. Important nongenomic effects for sex hormones have also been described. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has produced effects on health risks: some are reduced, some are increased, and the rest remain uncertain. HRT is being used by an increasing number of...

List of Contributors xviii An Aging Humankind: New Realities E. Dicgalusy Does Menopause Increase the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? M.V. Huisrnan Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis in Normal Adult Humans: Pathophysiology and Consequences L. Frassetto, R.C. Morris, Jr., K. Todd, and A. Sebastian The Menopause, Sex Hormones, and Rheumatic Disease G. Hall Novel Mechanisms of Estrogen Action J.-A. Gustafsson The Action of Ovarian Steroid Hormones on Tissues and Organs M.J. Legato Nongenomic Mechanisms of Sex Hormones J.H.H. Thijssen Action of Specific Estrogens on Vascular Cells C.S. Wingrove...

The suggestion of Max Knoll that an electron fascinated by the numerous SEM photographs, the wealth of information and the enthusiasm of the microscope could be developed using a fine scanning researchers covering a variety of disciplines. All aspects beam of electrons on a specimen surface and recording the emitted current as a function of the position of the of the female and male genital tract have been covered, beam was launched in 1935. Since then several culminating in the prizewinning award showing the in investigators and clinicians have used this concept to vitro fertilized human...