To gain a more complete understanding of plant-based ecological community structure requires knowledge of the integration of direct and indirect effects in plant herbivore systems. Trait modification of plants as a result of herbivory is very common and widespread in terrestrial plants, and this initiates indirect interactions between organisms that utilise the same host plant. This book argues that food webs by themselves are inadequate models for understanding ecological communities, because they ignore important indirect, nontrophic links. This subject is of great importance in...

This study examines the role of the direction of a fall on neuromuscular response. Electromyography sensors were positioned on the erector spinae of twenty subjects. Falls, simulating slips, occurred in the anterior, posterior, and medial-lateral directions. The average activation curves for the four different fall directions displayed different characteristics. Observations were supported by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA coefficients related all fall directions to a single reflex-like response. Analysis of variance on the coefficients demonstrated that anterior falls had a...