A comprehensive guide to planning, designing, and implementing appraisal systems that are tailored to meet an organization's real needs. For human resource professionals and managers, the authors show how to define performance, who should measure it, who should give and receive feedback, and how often appraisals should be made. They examine and evaluate the common approaches to appraisals----those oriented to the performer, the behavior, the result, or the situation----and shows how they can be integrated into an effective system.