Old Turkic is the earliest, directly attested Turkic language. This original work describes the grammar of Old Turkic. The language is documented in inscriptions in the 'runic' script in Mongolia and the Yenisey basin, from the seventh to the tenth century; in Uygur manuscripts from Chinese Turkestan in Uygur, and in runic and other scripts (comprising religious - mostly Buddhist -, legal, literary, medical, folkloric, astrological and personal material), from the ninth to the thirteenth century; and in eleventh-century Qarakhanid texts, mostly in Arabic writing. All aspects of Old Turkic are...