This book is intended to be an introduction to the mathematical description of information in science. The necessary mathematical theory of this introduction will be treated in a more vivid way than in the usual theorem-proof structure. This, however, enables us to develop an idea of the connections between different information measures and to understand the trains of thought in their derivation, which is a crucial point for correct applications. It is therefore our intention in the mathematical descriptions to evolve the important ideas of the derivations, so that we obtain the resulting...

In recent decades, Western nations have increasingly implemented encompassing welfare state reforms that try to establish equality through social programs and governmental intervention rather than direct redistribution of funds. In this book, Christoph Arndt examines the political ramifications of reforming deeply entrenched welfare states through a careful comparative analysis of four European countries that recalibrated their system of social protection under social democratic governments. Arndt discovers that the "third way" has produced a setback for social democrats and that the nature...