Lakes Ladoga and Onego are the greatest lakes in Europe. With a surface area of 17891 km² and a volume of 902 km³, the former is one of the top fifteen world's freshwater lakes and is only slightly smaller than Lake Ontario. Lake Onego's surface area is 9600 km² and it has a volume of 292 km³. The watershed of Lake Ladoga (258000 km²) extends through Northwestern European Russia and the eastern part of Finland, including the large Lakes Ilmen and Saimaa, and together these Great European Lakes are an important link in the...

This unique collaboration of Russian and Norwegian scientists examines the most recent data on the White Sea bathymetry, examines the ecosystem profile, and provides extensive historical marine and riverine data records. The book presents extensive data and numerical modelling simulations of the White Sea to provide a quantitative assessment of vulnerability of the Sea's marine ecosystems, of future anthropogenic and climate change forcing.

This unique collaboration of Russian and Norwegian scientists examines the most recent data on the White Sea bathymetry, examines the ecosystem profile, and provides extensive historical marine and riverine data records. The book presents extensive data and numerical modelling simulations of the White Sea to provide a quantitative assessment of vulnerability of the Sea s marine ecosystems, of future anthropogenic and climate change forcing.

Lakes Ladoga and Onego are the greatest lakes in Europe. With a surface area of 17891 km² and a volume of 902 km³, the former is one of the top fifteen world's freshwater lakes and is only slightly smaller than Lake Ontario. Lake Onego's surface area is 9600 km² and it has a volume of 292 km³. The watershed of Lake Ladoga (258000 km²) extends through Northwestern European Russia and the eastern part of Finland, including the large Lakes Ilmen and Saimaa, and together these Great European Lakes are an important link in the...