The production of torque and pollutants of Variable Valve Actuation equipped internal combustion engines found in the automotive industry (both Diesel and gasoline engines) is studied. Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) is a technology which has been introduced to optimize engine efficiency at steady-states covering a wide range of operating conditions. In more details, the outcome of the internal combustion engine (torque and pollutant) depends on the cylinder filling at each stroke which, itself, depends on the VVA positions and the engine intake manifold conditions. These two subsystems have...