After thirty years of anticolonial struggle against Spain and four years of military occupation by the United States, Cuba formally became an independent republic in 1902. The nationalist coalition that fought for Cuba's freedom, a movement in which blacks and mulattoes were well represented, had envisioned an egalitarian and inclusive country--a nation for all, as Jose Marti described it. But did the Cuban republic, and later the Cuban revolution, live up to these expectations?
Tracing the formation and reformulation of nationalist ideologies, government policies, and different...
After thirty years of anticolonial struggle against Spain and four years of military occupation by the United States, Cuba formally became an independ...
